%\chapter{Bibliography} \markboth{BIBLIOGRAPHY}{BIBLIOGRAPHY} \begin{thebibliography}{} \addcontentsline{toc}{chapter}{\numberline{}Bibliography} \bibitem{ACISreport97} Bautz, M.W., Nousek, J., Garmire, G., and the ACIS instrument team, ``Science Instrument Calibration Report for the AXAF CCD Imaging Spectrometer (ACIS)'', available at {\tt wwwastro.msfc.nasa.gov/xray/axafps.html}, 1997. \bibitem{abdali93} S. Abdali, F.E. Christensen, H.W. Schnopper, T.H. Markert, D. Dewey, and C.S. Nelson, ``High Resolution X-Ray Studies of an AXAF High Energy Transmission Grating'', {\it Multilayer and Grazing Incidence X-Ray/EUV Optics II}, Proc. SPIE, Vol. 2011, pp. 2--11, July 1993. \bibitem{allen98} C.L. Allen, P.P. Plucinsky, B.R. McNamara, R.J. Edgar, N.S. Schulz, and and J.W. Woo, ``Analysis of the AXAF HRMA+ACIS effective area measurments from the XRCF'' {\it X-Ray Optics, Instruments, and Missions}, Proc. SPIE, Vol. {\bf 3444} (this volume), (1998). \bibitem{anderson88} E.H. Anderson, A.M. Levine, and M.L. Schattenburg, ``Transmission X-ray Diffraction Grating Alignment using a Photoelastic Modulator'', {\it Applied Optics}, Vol. {\bf 27}, pp. 3522-3525 (1988). \bibitem{bautz98} M.W. Bautz, F. Baganoff, T. Isobe, S.E. Jones, S.E. Kissel, B. LaMarr, H.L. Manning, M. Pivovaroff, G.Y. Prigozhin, J.A. Nousek, C.E. Grant, K. Nishikida, F. Scholze, R. Thornagel, and G. Ulm, ``X-Ray CCD Calibration for the AXAF CCD Imaging Spectrometer'', {\it X-Ray Optics, Instruments, and Missions}, Proc. SPIE, Vol. {\bf 3444}, (1998). \bibitem{beuermann78}Beuermann, K.P., Br\"{a}uniger, H., and Tr\"{u}mper, J., ``Aberrations of a facet-type transmission grating for cosmic x-ray and XUV spectroscopy,'' {\it Applied Optics} Vol. {\bf 17}, No. 15, 2304 (1978). \bibitem{bevington92} Bevington, P.R., and Robinson, D.K, {\em Data Reduction and Error Analysis for the Physical Sciences}, Second Edition, McGraw-Hill, 1992. \bibitem{blake} R.L. Blake, J.C. Davis, D.E. Graessle, T.H. Burbine, and E.M. Gullikson, ``Optical Constants and Scattering Factors from Reflectivity Measurements: 50 eV to 5 keV'', {\it Journal of X-ray Science and Technology}, in press. \bibitem{born80} M. Born and E. Wolf, {\em Principles of Optics, Sixth Ed.}, pp. 401-414., Pergamon, New York, 1980. \bibitem{brinkman85} A.C. Brinkman, J. J. van Rooijen, J.A.M. Bleeker, J.H. Dijkstra, J. Heise, P.A.J. de Korte, R. Mewe, and F. Paerels, ``Low energy X-ray transmission grating spectrometer for AXAF'', in {\em X-ray Instrumentation in Astronomy, Proc. SPIE}, vol. 597, pp. 232-240, 1985. \bibitem{brinkman87} A.C. Brinkman, {\em et al., Astro. Lett. and Communications}, Vol. 26, p. 73, 1987. \bibitem{brinkman97} A.C. Brinkman, C.J.Th. Gunsing, J.S. Kaastra, H. Br\" auninger, G. Hartner, P. Predehl, J.J. Drake, J.Z. Juda, M. Juda, D. Dewey, K.A. Flanagan, and H.L. Marshall, ``Preliminary Test Results on Spectral Resolution of the Low Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer on board of AXAF'', , {\it these proceedings},(1997). \bibitem{canizares85} Canizares, C.R., Schattenburg, M.L., and Smith, H.I., ``The High Energy Transmission grating Spectrometer for AXAF'', in {\it X-ray Instrumentation in Astronomy, Proc. SPIE}, Vol. {\bf 597}, 253--260 (1985). \bibitem{canizares87} C.R. Canizares, {\em et al.}, {\em Astro. Lett. and Communications}, Vol. 26, p. 87, 1987. \bibitem{canizares90} C.R. Canizares, ``High Resolution X-Ray Spectroscopy of Thermal Plasmas'' in {\underline Imaging X-Ray Astronomy}, M. Elvis (ed.), Cambridge University Press, 1990. \bibitem{davis98} J.E. Davis, H.L. Marshall, M.L. Schattenburg, and D. Dewey, ``Analysis and Modeling of Anomalous Scattering in the AXAF HETGS'', {\it X-Ray Optics, Instruments, and Missions}, Proc. SPIE, Vol. {\bf 3444}, (1998). \bibitem{dewey94} D.Dewey, D.N. Humpheries, G.Y. McLean and D.A. Moschella, ``Laboratory Calibration of X-ray Transmission Diffraction Gratings'', {\it EUX, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Instrumentation for Astronomy V}, Proc. SPIE, Vol. {\bf 2280}, 257--271 (1994). \bibitem{dewey97} D. Dewey, H.L. Marshall, K.A. Flanagan, C. Baluta, C.R. Canizares, D.S. Davis, J.E. Davis, T.T. Fang, D.P. Huenemoerder, J.H. Kastner, N.S. Schulz, M.W. Wise, J.J. Drake, J.Z. Juda, M. Juda, A.C. Brinkman, T. Gunsing, J. Kaastra, G. Hartner and P. Predehl, ``Towards the Callibration of the HETG Effective Area'', {\it Grazing Incidence and Multilayer X-Ray Optical Systems}, Proc. SPIE, Vol. {\bf 3113}, 144--159 (1997). \bibitem{dewey98} D. Dewey, J.J. Drake, R.J. Edgar, K. Michaud, and P. Ratzlaff, ``AXAF Grating Efficiency Measurements with Calibrated, Non-imaging Detectors'', {\it X-Ray Optics, Instruments, and Missions}, Proc. SPIE, Vol. {\bf 3444}, (1998). \bibitem{edgar97} R.J. Edgar, E.Y. Tsiang, A. Tennant, S. Vitek, and D. Swartz, ``Spectral Fitting in AXAF Calibration Detectors'', {\it Grazing Incidence and Multilayer X-Ray Optical Systems, Proc. SPIE}, Vol. {\bf 3113}, (1997). \bibitem{evans97} I.N. Evans, E.M. Kellogg, W.C. McDermott, M.P. Ordway, J.M. Rosenberg, and B.J. Wargelin, ``High Speed Imager AXAF Calibration Microchannel Plate Detector'', {\it Grazing Incidence and Multilayer X-Ray Optical Systems, Proc. SPIE}, Vol. {\bf 3113}, (1997). \bibitem{feynman65} Feynman, R.P., and Hibbs, A.R., {\em Quantum Mechanics and Path Integrals}, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1965 \bibitem{flanagan88} K.F. Fischbach, A.M. Levine, M.L. Schattenburg, D. Dewey, R.L. Renshaw, J. Dalcanton, R. Newman, and W. Fissell, ``Performance of High Spatial Frequency X-Ray Transmission Gratings'', {\it X-Ray Instrumentation in Astronomy II}, Proc. SPIE, Vol. 982, pp. 273--282, July 1988. \bibitem{flanagan95} K.A.~Flanagan, D.~Dewey, L.~Bordzol, ``Calibration and Characterization of HETG grating elements at the MIT X-ray Grating Evaluation Facility'', {\it SPIE Proceedings} {\bf 2518}, 438--456 (1995). \bibitem{flanagan96} K.A. Flanagan, T.T. Fang, C. Baluta, J.E. Davis, D. Dewey, T.H. Markert, D.E. Graessle, J. Drake, J.E. Fitch, J.Z. Juda, J. Woo, S. Kraft, P. Bulicke, R. Fliegauf, F. Scholze, and G. Ulm, ``Modeling the Diffraction Efficiencies of the AXAF High Energy Transmission Gratings: II'', {\it EUX, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Instrumentation for Astronomy VII}, Proc. SPIE, Vol. {\bf 2808}, 650--676 (1996). \bibitem{flanagan98} K.A. Flanagan, N.S. Schulz, S.S. Murray, G.D. Hartner, and P. Predehl, ``HETG High-order Diffraction Efficiency'' {\it X-Ray Optics, Instruments, and Missions}, Proc. SPIE, Vol. {\bf 3444}, (1998). \bibitem{fraser89} G.W. Fraser, \underline{X-ray detectors in astronomy}, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1989. \bibitem{garmire85} G.P. Garmire, {\em et al.}, ``The AXAF CCD Imaging Spectrometer'', in {\em X-ray Instrumentation in Astronomy, Proc. SPIE}, vol. 597, pp. 261-266, 1985. \bibitem{gorenstein90} P. Gorenstein and M. Zombeck, {\em High Resolution X-ray Spectroscopy of Cosmic Plasmas}, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990. \bibitem{graessle96} D.~Graessle, A.M.~Clark, J.J.~Fitch, B.~Harris, D.A.~Schwartz, R.L.~Blake, ``Reflectance calibrations of AXAF Witness Mirrors Using Synchrtron Radiation, 2-12 keV'', {\it SPIE Proceedings} {\bf 2805}, 18 (1996) \bibitem{graessle97a} Graessle, D.E., Burek, A.J., Fitch, J.J., Harris, B., Schwartz, D.A., and Blake, R.L., ``Optical constants from synchrotron reflectance measurements of AXAF witness mirrors - 2 to 12 keV, '' in Grazing Incidence and Multilayer X-ray Optical Systems, Proc. SPIE, vol 3113, pp 52-64, 1997. \bibitem{graessle97b} Graessle, D.E., Blake, R.L., Burek, A.J., Dyson, S.E., Fitch, J.J., Schwartz, D.A., and Soufli, R., ``Modeling of synchrotron reflectance calibrations of AXAF iridium-coated witness mirrors over 2-12 keV, '' in X-ray Optics, Instruments, and Missions, Proc. SPIE, vol 3444, 1997. \bibitem{HRCwebCalib} HRC Calibration web page: {\tt hea-www.harvard.edu/HRC/calib/calib.html} (1998). \bibitem{henke} B.L. Henke, E.M. Gullikson, and J.C. Davis, ``X-ray Interactions: Photoabsorption, Scattering, Transmission, and Reflection at E = 50--30,000 eV, A = 1--92'', {\it Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables}, Vol. 54, No. 2, July 1993. \bibitem{kamer95} Kameritsch, P., ``Calibration of Transmission Diffraction Gratings for the AXAF X-ray Satellite'', thesis at the Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, 1995. \bibitem{keller92} M. Keller, K. Shumate, \underline{Software Specification and Design :} \underline{a Disciplined Approach for} \underline{ Real-Time Systems}, John Wiley \& Sons, Inc., New York, 1992. \bibitem{kellogg92} E. Kellogg, ``K$\alpha$ Line-to-continuum ratio for electron impact x-ray sources'', internal memo to AXAF Calibration Task Team, October 5, 1992. \bibitem{kellogg97} E.M. Kellogg {\it et al.}, ``Absolute calibration of the AXAF telescope effective area'', {\it Grazing Incidence and Multilayer X-Ray Optical Systems, Proc. SPIE}, Vol. {\bf 3113}, (1997). \bibitem{kenter96} A.~Kenter, J.H.~Chappell, R.P.~Kraft, G.R.~Meehan, S.S.~Murray, M.V.~Zombeck, {\it SPIE Proceedings} {\bf 2808}, 626 (1996). \bibitem{kenter97} A.T.~Kenter, J.H.~Chappell, K.~Kobayashi, R.P.~Kraft, G.R.~Meehan, S.S.~Murray, M.V.~Zombeck, G.W.~Fraser, J.F.~Pearson, J.F.~Lees, A.N.~Brunton, S.E.~Pearce, M.~Barbera, A.~Collura, S.~Serio, {\it SPIE Proceedings} {\bf 3114}, 26 (1997). \bibitem{jeffk95} J.J. Kolodziejczak, R.A. Austin, R.F. Elsner, M.K. Joy, M. Sulkanen, E.M. Kellogg, and B.J. Wargelin, ``X-Ray Source System at the MSFC X-Ray Calibration Facility'', {\it X-Ray and Extreme Ultraviolet Optics}, Proc. SPIE, Vol. {\bf 2515}, 420--435 (1995). \bibitem{jeffk97} Kolodziejczak, J.J., et al., ``Uses of continuum radiation in the AXAF calibration, '', in Grazing Incidence and Multilayer X-ray Optical Systems, Proc. SPIE, vol 3113, pp 65-76, 1997. \bibitem{kopp75} C.J. Borkowski and M. Kopp, ``Design and properties of position-sensitive proportional counters using resistance-capacitance position encoding'', Rev.\ Sci.\ Instrum., Vol. 46, No. 8, August 1975. \bibitem{markert90} T.H. Markert, ``Dispersive Spectroscopy on AXAF'', in {\em High-Resolution X-ray Spectroscopy of Cosmic Plasmas, IAU Colloquium No. 115}, P. Gorenstein and M. Zombeck, eds., pp. 339-344, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990. \bibitem{markert94} T.H. Markert, C.R. Canizares, D. Dewey, M. McGuirk, C. Pak, and M.L. Schattenburg, ``The High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer for AXAF'', {\it EUX, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Instrumentation for Astronomy V}, Proc. SPIE, Vol. {\bf 2280}, 168--180 (1994). \bibitem{markert95} T.H.~Markert, D.~Dewey, J.E.~Davis, K.A.~Flanagan, D.E.~Graessle, J.M.~Bauer, C.S.~Nelson, ``Modeling the Diffraction Efficiencies of the AXAF High Energy Transmission Gratings'', {\it SPIE Proceedings} {\bf 2518}, 424--437 (1995). \bibitem{marshall97} H.L. Marshall, D. Dewey, K.A. Flanagan, C. Baluta, C.R. Canizares, D.S. Davis, J.E. Davis, T.T. Fang, D.P. Huenemoerder, J.H. Kastner, H.L. Marshall, N.S. Schulz, M.W. Wise, J.J. Drake, J.Z. Juda, M. Juda, A.C. Brinkman, C.J.Th. Gunsing, and J.S. Kaastra, G. Hartner and P. Predehl, ``Towards the Calibration of the HETGS Line Response Function'', {\it Grazing Incidence and Multilayer X-Ray Optical Systems}, Proc. SPIE, Vol. {\bf 3113}, 160--171 (1997). \bibitem{marshall98} H.L. Marshall, D. Dewey, N.S. Schulz, and K.A. Flanagan, ``Spectral Features in the AXAF HETGS Effective Area using High-signal Continuum Tests'', {\it X-Ray Optics, Instruments, and Missions}, Proc. SPIE, Vol. {\bf 3444}, (1998). \bibitem{marx97} AXAF Science Center, {\tt asc.harvard.edu}, ``MARX 2.0 User Guide, Rev 1.0'', ASC TD. 404, October 1997. \bibitem{mcdermott97}W.C. McDermott, E.M. Kellogg, B.J. Wargelin, I.N. Evans, S.A. Vitek, E. Tsiang, D.A. Schwartz, R.J. Edgar, S. Kraft, F. Scholze, R. Thornagel, G. Ulm, M.C. Weisskopf, S.L. O'Dell, A.F. Tennant, J. Kolodziejczak, and G. Zirnstein, ``AXAF HXDS germanium solid state detectors'', {\it Grazing Incidence and Multilayer X-Ray Optical Systems}, Proc. SPIE, Vol. {\bf 3113}, 535--543 (1997). \bibitem{murray85} S.S. Murray and J.H. Chappell, ``The Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility High Resolution Camera'', in {\em X-ray Instrumentation in Astronomy, Proc. SPIE}, vol. 597, pp. 274-281, 1985. \bibitem{murray87} S.S. Murray, {\em et al.}, {\em Astro. Lett. and Communications}, Vol. 26, p. 113, 1987. \bibitem{murray97} S.S.~Murray, J.H.~Chappell, A.T.~Kenter, K.~Kobayashi, R.P.~Kraft, G.R.~Meehan, M.V.~Zombeck, G.W.~Fraser, J.F.~Pearson, J.E.~Lees, A.N.~Brunton, S.E.~Pearce, M.~Barbera, A.~Collura, S.~Serio, {\it SPIE Proceedings} {\bf 3114}, 11 (1997). \bibitem{nelsonthesis94} C.S.~Nelson, {\it Synchrotron Studies of an X-ray Transmission Grating}, Bachelor's Thesis, MIT (1994) \bibitem{nelson94} C.S. Nelson, T.H. Markert, Y.S. Song, M.L. Schattenburg, K.A. Flanagan, R.L. Blake, J. Bauer, E.M. Gullikson, ``Efficiency Measurements and Modelling of AXAF High Energy Transmission Gratings'', {\it EUX, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Instrumentation for Astronomy V}, Proc. SPIE, Vol. {\bf 2280}, 191--203 (1994). \bibitem{nousek87} J.A. Nousek, G.P. Garmire, G.R. Ricker, S.A. Collins, and G.R. Reigler, {\em Astro. Lett. and Communications}, Vol. 26, p. 35, 1987. \bibitem{obsguide} The AXAF Observatory Guide, Rev. 1.0, AXAF Science Center. \bibitem{propguide} The AXAF Proposers' Guide, Rev. 1.0, AXAF Science Center. \bibitem{paerels94} F.B.S. Paerels, J.V. Bixler, J.W. den Herder, C.J. Hailey, S.M. Kahn, and C.W. Mauche, ``Modeling and Analysis of X-ray Emission Line Images Acquired with a Prototype Model of the XMM Reflection Grating Spectrometer'', {\it X-Ray and Ultraviolet Spectroscopy and Polarimetry}, Proc. SPIE, Vol. {\bf 2283}, 107--118 (1994). \bibitem{pakmcguirk94} C. Pak and M. McGuirk, ``Computer Aided Design for the High Energy Transmission Grating (HETG) Spectrometer'', paper 94-4566 presented at the {\it AIAA Space Programs and Technologies Conference}, Huntsville, AL (1994). \bibitem{patnaude98} G.J. Patnaude, D. Pease, H. Donnelly, M. Juda, C. Jones, S.S. Murray, M.V. Zombeck, R.P. Kraft, A.T. Kenter, G.R. Meehan, D.A. Swartz, R.F. Elsner, ``Effective Area of the AXAF High-Resolution Camera (HRC)'', {\it X-Ray Optics, Instruments, and Missions}, Proc. SPIE, Vol. {\bf 3444}, (1998). \bibitem{predehl97} P. Predehl, H. Br\" auninger, A.C. Brinkman, D. Dewey, J.J. Drake, K.A. Flanagan, C.J.Th. Gunsing, G. Hartner, J.Z. Juda, M. Juda, J. Kaastra, H.L. Marshall, and D. Swartz, ``X-Ray Calibration of the AXAF Low Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer: Effective Area'',{\it Grazing Incidence and Multilayer X-Ray Optical Systems, Proc. SPIE}, Vol. {\bf 3113},(1997). \bibitem{PSreport97} M. Weisskopf, R.F. Elsner, S.L. 0'Dell and the AXAF Project Science team, ``Calibration of the Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility: Project Science analyses'' available at at {\tt wwwastro.msfc.nasa.gov/xray/axafps.html} (1997) \bibitem{saotng} SAOimage: The Next Generation, SAOtng home page: {\tt hea-www.harvard.edu/RD/} (1998). \bibitem{schattenburg91} M.L. Schattenburg, {\em et al.}, {Optical Engineering},vol. 30, p. 1590, 1991. \bibitem{schattenburg94} M.L. Schattenburg, R.J. Aucoin, R.C. Fleming, I. Plotnik, J. Porter, and H.I. Smith, ``Fabrication of High Energy X-ray Transmission Gratings for AXAF'', {\it EUX, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Instrumentation for Astronomy V}, Proc. SPIE, Vol. {\bf 2280}, 181--190 (1994). \bibitem{schnopper77} H.W. Schnopper, {\em et al.}, ``Diffraction Grating Transmission Efficiencies for XUV and Soft X-rays'', {\em Appl. Optics}, Vol. 16, p. 1088, 1977. \bibitem{scholze94} F.~Scholze, M.~Krumrey, P.~M\"uller, and D.~Fuchs, ``(PTB monochromator purity)'', {\it Rev. Sci. Instrum.} {\bf 65}, 3229 (1994) \bibitem{schroeder87}Daniel J. Schroeder, {\it Astronomical Optics}, Chapter 14, Academic Press, San Diego, 1987. \bibitem{schulz98} N.S. Schulz, D. Dewey, H.L. Marshall, ``Absolute Effective Areas of HETG'', {\it X-Ray Optics, Instruments, and Missions}, Proc. SPIE, Vol. {\bf 3444}, (1998). \bibitem{stage98} M.D. Stage and D. Dewey, ``Verifying the HETG Spectrometer Rowland Design'', {\it X-Ray Optics, Instruments, and Missions}, Proc. SPIE, Vol. {\bf 3444}, (1998). \bibitem{stratonovich63} Stratonovich, R.L., {\em Topics in the Theory of Random Noise}, Volume 1, Gordon and Breach, 1963 \bibitem{swartz98} D.A. Swartz, R.F. Elsner, J.J. Kolodziejczak, S.L. O'Dell, A.F. Tennant, M.E. Sulkanen, M.C. Weisskopf, and R.J. Edgar, ``Use of Monochromators for the Calibration of AXAF'', {\it X-Ray Optics, Instruments, and Missions}, Proc. SPIE, Vol. {\bf 3444}, (1998). \bibitem{tsiang97} E.Y. Tsiang, R.E. Edgar, S. Vitek, and A. Tennant, ``JMKMOD, a Software Suite within XSPEC for the Ground Calibration of AXAF'', {\it Grazing Incidence and Multilayer X-Ray Optical Systems}, Proc. SPIE, Vol. {\bf 3113}, 132--141 (1997). {\tt hea-www.harvard.edu/MST/simul/xrcf/XSPEC/jmkmod.html} \bibitem{ulm95} G.~Ulm, B.~Wende, ``(PTB Synchrotron)'', {\it Rev. Sci. Instrum.} {\bf 66}, 2244-2247 (1995). \bibitem{wargelin97} B.J. Wargelin, E.M. Kellogg, W.C. McDermott, I.N. Evans, and S.A. Vitek, ``AXAF Calibration: The HXDS Flow Proportional Counters'', {\it Grazing Incidence and Multilayer X-Ray Optical Systems, Proc. SPIE}, Vol. {\bf 3113}, (1997). \bibitem{warren90} Warren, B.E., {\em X-Ray Diffraction}, Dover Publications, 1990 \bibitem{weisskopf97} M.C.Weisskopf and S.L. O'Dell, ``Calibration of the AXAF observatory: overview'', {\it Grazing Incidence and Multilayer X-Ray Optical Systems}, Proc. SPIE, Vol. {\bf 3113}, 2--17 (1997). \bibitem{xspec} K.A. Arnaud, {\it et al.}, ``XSPEC, An X-Ray Spectral Fitting Package'', part of the XANADU software from NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, {\tt legacy.gsfc.nasa.gov/} \end{thebibliography}